Bathroom

A bathroom is a room that may have different functions depending on the cultural context. In the most literal sense, the word bathroom means "a room with a bath". Because the traditional bathtubs have partly made way for modern showers, including steam showers, the more general definition is "a room where one bathes". There can be just a shower, just a bathtub or both; and often both plumbing fixtures are combined in the bathtub. The room may also contain a sink, often called a "wash basin" or "hand basin" and often a "lavatory".

In the United States, "bathroom" commonly means "a room containing a lavatory". In other countries this is usually called the "toilet" or alternatively "water closet", lavatory or "loo". The word "bathroom" is also used in the U.S. for a public toilet. In the United States, bathrooms are generally categorized as a "full bathroom" , containing four plumbing fixtures: bathtub, shower, toilet, and sink; "half (1/2) bath" (or "powder room") containing just a toilet and sink; and "3/4 bath" containing toilet, sink, and shower, although the terms vary from market to market.

In some U.S. markets, a toilet, sink, and shower are considered a "full bath". This lack of a single, universal definition commonly results in discrepancies between advertised and actual number of baths in real estate listings. An additional complication is that there are currently two ways of notating the number of bathrooms in a dwelling. One method is to count a half bathroom as ".5" and then add this to the number of full bathrooms (e.g., "2.5" baths would mean 2 full baths and 1 half bath).

The other, newer method is to put the number of full bathrooms to the left side of the decimal point and to put the number of half bathrooms to the right of the decimal point (e.g., "2.1" would mean 2 full baths and 1 half bath; "3.2" would mean 3 full baths and 2 half baths). Types of bathrooms A bathroom directly connected to a bedroom is often called an en-suite bathroom. Its use is primarily intended for the occupants of that bedroom only. In French the term "en-suite" literally means "a following", in this case referring to the bathroom being part of the bedroom to which it is attached.

A bathroom adjacent to or directly connected to a master bedroom in a private home is generally called a master bathroom, unless it is shared by other bedrooms or is the only bathroom in the home. An en-suite bathroom attached to two bedrooms is sometimes referred to as a "Jack and Jill bathroom". Travelers often get confused regarding different types of bathrooms when booking rooms in hotels and bed and breakfast accommodation. Some common questions relate to en-suite, "private" and "shared" bathrooms (sometimes called "facilities").

Both en-suite and private bathrooms are for the exclusive use of the occupants of a particular bedroom. An en-suite bathroom is accessed from within the bedroom, however, whereas a private bathroom is accessed from outside the bedroom but is normally adjacent or near to the bedroom. A shared bathroom is a bathroom outside of any bedroom that is shared between guests staying in two or more separate bedrooms. Although the word bathroom may be used, this room may have a shower stall instead of a bathtub.

The bathroom would also normally include a toilet as well as washing facilities. Design considerations The design of a bathroom must account for the use of both hot and cold water, in significant quantities, for cleaning the human body. The water is also used for moving solid and liquid human waste to a sewer or septic tank. Water may be splashed on the walls and floor, and hot humid air may cause condensation on cold surfaces. From a decorating point of view the bathroom presents a challenge.

Ceiling, wall and floor materials and coverings should be impervious to water and readily and easily cleaned. The use of ceramic or glass, as well as smooth plastic materials, is common in bathrooms for their ease of cleaning. Such surfaces are often cold to the touch, however, and so water-resistant bath mats or even bathroom carpets may be used on the floor to make the room more comfortable. Alternatively, the floor may be heated, possibly by strategically placing heater conduits close to the surface.

Electrical appliances, such as lights, heaters, and heated towel rails, generally need to be installed as fixtures, with permanent connections rather than plugs and sockets. This minimizes the risk of electric shock. Ground-fault circuit interruptor electrical sockets can reduce the risk of electric shock, and are required for bathroom socket installation by electrical and building codes in the United States and Canada. In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, only special sockets suitable for electric shavers are permitted in bathrooms, and are labelled as such.

History of bathrooms Although it was not with hygiene in mind, the first records for the use of baths date back as far as 3000 B.C. At this time water had a strong religious value, being seen as a purifying element for both body and soul, and so it was not uncommon for people to be required to cleanse themselves before entering a sacred area. Baths are recorded as part of a village or town life throughout this period, with a split between steam baths in Europe and America and cold baths in Asia.

Communal baths were erected in a distinctly separate area to the living quarters of the village, with a view to preventing evil spirits from entering the domestic quarters of a commune. Not all ancient baths were in the style of the large pools that often come to mind when one imagines the Roman baths; the earliest surviving bathtub dates back to 1700 B.C, and hails from the Palace of Knossos in Crete.[2] What is remarkable about this tub is not only the similarity with the baths of today, but also the way in which the plumbing works surrounding it differ so little from modern models.

A more advanced prehistoric (15th century BC and before) system of baths and plumbing is to be found in the excavated town of Akrotiri, on the Aegean island of Thera. There, alabaster tubs and other bath fittings were found, along with a sophisticated twin plumbing system to transport hot and cold water separately. This was probably because of easy access to geothermic hot springs on this volcanic island. Both the Greeks and the Romans recognised the value of bathing as an important part of their lifestyles.

Writers such as Homer had their heroes bathe in warm water so as to regain their strength; it is perhaps notable that the mother of Achilles bathed him in order to gain his invincibility. Palaces have been uncovered throughout Greece with areas that are dedicated to bathing, spaces with ceramic bathtubs, as well as sophisticated drainage systems. The Roman attitudes towards bathing are well documented; they built large purpose-built thermal baths, marking not only an important social development, but also providing a public source of relaxation and rejuvenation.

Here was a place where people could meet to discuss the matters of the day and enjoy entertainment. During this period there was a distinction between private and public baths, with many wealthy families having their own thermal baths in their houses. Despite this they still made use of the public baths, showing the value that they had as a public institution. The strength of the Roman Empire was telling in this respect; imports from throughout the world allowed the Roman citizens to enjoy ointments, incense, combs, and mirrors.

Although some sources suggest that bathing declined following the collapse of the Roman Empire, this is not completely accurate. It was actually the Middle Ages that saw the beginning of soap production, proof that bathing was definitely not uncommon. It was only after the Renaissance that bathing declined; water was feared as a carrier of disease, and thus sweat baths and heavy perfumes were preferred. In fact throughout the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, the use of public baths declined gradually in the west, and private spaces were favoured, thus laying the foundations for the bathroom, as it was to become, in the 20th century.

However in Japan shared bathing in sento and onsen (spas) still exists; the latter being very popular.


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Treating Acne in Men

Quite in contrast to what many of us think, acne isn't just limited to females. In truth, the problem affects males too. While acne treatment remains nearly same in both the genders, there are certain things that men should remember when nursing acne. These are a selection of them.

The first basic point is to have a clean skin. Men must make sure that they must keep their skin clean to effectively treat acne. If you suspect that mere splashing of water on your face would do, then you're wrong. A correct cleaning of your face wants much more than simple wetting of skin.

Employ an effective cleanser to keep your face clean. Make sure that the facial cleanser has antibacterial properties.

Using soaps to bathe face isn't a very good idea since soaps contain detergents. Make it a habit to wash your face at least twice- in morning and before you go off to sleep. Don't be hard with your skin while rubbing if you have acne. This can end up in pricking of existing spots and permanent scarring.

Virtually all the males are prone to touching their acne influenced skin way too frequently.

There are others who may even indulge in rubbing their skin to do away with the itching. These are not good habits and must be avoided. Frequent touching or rubbing is probably going to spread the infection farther and therefore it has to be avoided.

Make note of the fact that it moisturizing is imperative for those who suffer with acne. Men generally are not much into skin care routine like that of moisturizing. Moisturizing is vital to prevent the skin from drying and to keep it supple. If you're undergoing acne solution, your skin can get dry.

So the need of employing a moisturizer becomes more crucial. If you don't use one, you are probably going to have coarse and patchy skin which is not healthy at all. So moisturize your skin to keep acne at bay. However make sure that the moisturizer that you use is oil free and noncomedogenic.

Watch out for your shaving ways. If you're nursing acne, shave the affected area very gently. While shaving, exercise caution or you can prick your pimples. It's preferable to use an electric razor rather than the common razor.

This is so because an electric razor is better in shaving your skin. It also helps to give a smooth shave without causing any irritation to the skin.

Go in for a thick shaving cream as this could avoid any needless pricking of pimples. Wet your beard with warm water before you start shaving. This has a tendency to melt the hair. When you're done with shaving, you will wash your face with cold water as this may close the opened pores. Also, apply acne medicines after shaving rather than using an aftershave.

It isn't tough to treat acne as it is regularly made out to be. So men who are nursing acne should keep the aforesaid tips in mind. These tips would surely help you deal with the issue better.

To know more about Treating Acne and Acne Products visit: http://acnetalks.com/pimple/

Electric Shavers and Trimmers

Over the last few years technology has advance quite a lot. We see that in all of the things that surround us, from cell phones to new generation laptops and digital cameras. One of the things that also evolved over the years are electric shavers. They moved from a commodity that was used purely for basic shaving needs to a styling tool that can't me matched. Any of the new models of electric shavers have trimmers and shapers for all kind of needs, and people are using them more and more. It's quite hard to avoid using them when they offer so easy use with so many benefits.

And what are those uses and benefits?

Well first of, you don't need to go to a barber shop in order to get your beard shaved in a specific way. While most of the people use electric shaver just for a regular clean shave many people use it for styling. So if you want a special kind of sideburns that go across your cheeks and you don't have a steady hand to do it with a regular razor blade, and you don't want to go to a barber shop you can easily do that with an electric trimmer. So when you see some cool guy with nice looking beard or sideburns you know that he probably did that himself, because trimmers are so easy to use and as easy to maintain.

Most of them also have different kind of trimmers equipped, so if you want a wide stripe or a small stripe your electric shaver probably has both. And they can be adjusted to any length you want your beard to be. So that way you can make some nice crossings and experiment as much as you want.

As for the maintaining part, well they are all waterproof so you can just wash them in cold water like a regular razor blade. And most of them come with a lifelong warranty, so that's a great asset. And of course when you compare the price of a solid electric shaver with how much you spend on regular razor blades you will see that your shaver is paid off in about six months time.

And after that it's like you got it for free even with the electricity cost which is almost invisible. Most of them are cordless so that makes them easy to carry around, you can just charge them like you would your cell phone and they are ready to go.

So when we compare them to a regular razor blade they are much better and cheaper. They provide you with a clean cut and the option of styling, easy to use, easy to carry with you, and they end up much cheaper. And that's just if you calculate the price of razors, if you add in the price of shaving foam you will pay for your electric shaver much sooner.

And my favorite part about electric shavers is that you can't cut yourself. And we all hate those hard to stop cuts that regular razors make.

Save your money by buying the best electric shaver for you.

Electric Shavers - Pros and Cons

For every man that shaves his beard sooner or later comes a question which to choose, regular razor blade or electric shavers? Of course each one of those has its advantages and disadvantages. We are going to go over a few of those in order to establish which might be better for regular use, but I think that it is almost impossible to come to a concrete answer because every man has different needs.

What does every man want when shaving his beard? Regular answers would be a clean cut, smooth surface and no irritation.

Well we have all that covered with razor blades and with new high tech shavers. Technology has advanced in all fields, the proofs of that are also new models of shavers and trimmers which give us results that we could only get by a razor blade. A classical razor like Gillette Mach 3 or any newer model of razors gives you a clean cut which covers more surface than a regular razor blade. That helps you save time with your shaving and also causes less irritation due to lower number of strokes needed to shave your chin.

But there is always a chance of cutting yourself, and we all know how difficult those cuts can be. Now every commercial will show that new models of razor blades guarantee no cuts, but those blades dull over time and sooner or later we are going to cut ourselves. But if you change the blades often you will probably avoid that. But that leaves razor blades to a great disadvantage over electric shavers, not just that it is almost impossible to cut yourself with an shaver but when you calculate your expenses in the long run it's quite cheaper to buy an electric shaver that will last for years, than maintaining your razor blade and buying new blades twice a month.

While some of the electric shavers can't deliver the same results like a regular razor blade, new technology shavers can, and they have a lot of other features that make them better. New model electric shavers like Braun Pulsonic 760cc offer a clean shave with just a minute of shaving. You can get the same result in just a minute that you could get with regular razor blade in 5. Aside from that new electric shaver have trimmers, shapers, they are easy to use, and most of them are cordless and rechargeable so you can take them anywhere.

They are also easy to clean and waterproof, what makes them tempting is the lifelong warranty you get when you buy one. That should say something about the quality of those electric shavers.

Well it all comes down to your needs and habits. For a guy that used to get up in the morning and rush to work electric shaver are the best option. But for some other guys that prefer the old style nothing can compare to a good old razor blade. But we can say for certain that new electric shavers offer the same quality of shaving and a lot of other features, Which makes them more tempting to buy.

If you prefer electric shavers over razors you can find them online, for the best possible price.

How Laser Hair Removal Helps Different Skin Types and Hair Color

The effectiveness of laser hair removal is dependent upon several aspects including type of skin and hair color. Lesser aspects include the situation of the skin, sun exposure, and the cycle of the hair.

They're four basic skin types - Caucasian European, African descent, Eastern Asian, and Middle Eastern / Mediterranean. Each of these four skin types have several points in general, like the in girth of the dermis and epidermis, the number of hair follicles, and the skin's layered components. Nevertheless, there are many features of each skin type that are very different.

Caucasian Europeans have the most varied type of skin of all the groups. This group has light skin with great variation in skin color amongst the people which is determined by heredity. The people from this group are the greatest candidates for laser hair removal. Generally, they will need fewer treatments and attain the optimal results. Overall, the effectiveness of laser hair removal on individuals from this group is dependent upon a compounding of their hair and complexion.

Individuals of African descent, with dark brown skin or poor candidates for laser hair removal.

Often the cause of this is because the laser light is absorbed into the skin pigment, causing feasible burns, scars, and keloids. Darkness skin causes the laser beam to b drawn away from its target field.

People in Eastern Asian descent, which includes China, Japan and Korea, generally have the smallest amount of facial and body hair. They are usually good candidates for laser hair removal because their hair is dark, and they have minimal skin pigmentation.

Middle Eastern and Mediterranean people tend to have the most facial and body hair.

Their skin color can very from dark white to medium brown. Those sufferers of lighter skin generally make better candidates for laser hair removal. Skin bleaching agents, like 4% hydroquinone, are from time to time used by people in this group to lighten the skin as far as possible. This is done to establish the laser curative as effective as feasible and reduce the risk of burning the skin. This ethnic group has a raised risk of hyper-pigmentation.

Hair color combines with skin type to further settle on the effects of laser hair removal.

Jet or dark brown hair is typically coarser and contains the most pigmentation. These aspects survive the easiest to treat because the laser light is most easily absorbed by the night pigmentation. Lighter brown hair usually requires more treatments than darker hair. The lighter the hair color, the more tough laser hair removal becomes. Red and light blonde hair contain phemelianin pigment which makes light absorption very hard. Grey or white hair doesn't contain any pigmentation at all, therefor, they cannot absorb light.

The Fitzpatrick Skin Phototype Scale and the Lancer Ethnicity Scale are used by professional technicians to decide the effectiveness of laser hair removal dependent on skin type and hair.

The greatest combination of skin type and hair for laser hair removal is light skin with dark hair. These people will have the optimal results with the least treatments.

Wilbur has been writing articles online for nearly 4 years now. Not only does this author specialize in diet, fitness and weight loss, you can also check out his latest website on petsafe dog door and portable toddler bed.

Learn the Truth About the Best Men's Skin Care Products

Are there good skin care products available for men. Seem to be in days gone by skin care for men used to be very difficult to come by. That is, a good one. I know that most men would love to take care of their skin, however they do not want to go looking for products. Also most men would not even know where to look and what to look for.

You see, men's skin composition is different from that of a woman's. So their skin care should contain ingredients that will actively heal their skin. Using a product with the same exact ingredients of a woman's will not solve the problem.

Most men shave so they have the problem of in-grown hair, razor bruises and inflamed or irritated skin.

Most men also smoke too. Smoking is one of the major causes of wrinkles, dry skin, uneven tone and rough looking skin. It will take a powerful ingredient such as antioxidants to help rejuvenate your skin if it is badly damaged.

The other problems men face is they sometimes spend a lot of time in the sun. And they don't even think about sun screen. Protecting your skin while in the sun is of utmost importance.

Sun damaged skin is affected by free radicals which cause your skin to become wrinkled you will also become afflicted with age spots as well as dry, scaly skin.

Therefore men's skin care should consist of natural, effective ingredients that can penetrate deep down through the many layers of their skin in order to obtain optimum result.

One particular line of men's skin care caught my attention. It stood out from all the other brand name products being advertised on the market. I did a lot of testing and research on the ingredients found in these products and was really amazed at how natural they were.

At last men can now have products to use which will be effective.

I will list a few of these ingredients and you can see for yourself if you think they would work for you.

You want a line of products that can be implemented in your daily routine:

Cleansing Mask : To be used every two weeks, this will deeply cleanse your skin and help to remove toxins. Deeply moisturize your skin and soothe it, helping with irritation caused from shaving. With ingredients such as Kaolin, Bentone Gel, Macadamia Oil, Shea Butter, Active Manuka Honey and so much more.

Age Defense Active Facial Fluid: This will soothe your skin and reduce redness and or inflammation. Help reduce the appearance of age spots, reduce roughness caused by neglect, smoking and environmental factors such as the sun. Contains Cynergy TK, Phytessence Wakame and Nano Lipobelle HEQ10, Capuacu Butter, Grapeseed Oil and Active Manuka Honey

Eye Contour Gel: This ingredient is great if you suffer from dark circles, bags and wrinkles underneath your eyes. The ingredients in this product were specifically made to work on reducing bags, dark circles and wrinkles underneath eyes, giving you more youthful looking eyes.

Contain Eyeliss, Haloxyl, Crodamol CAP, Homeoage, all working together to de-age your eyes.

The best men's skin care line of products will have your skin in perfect condition in a matter of months.

Ingrid Palmer has been using and researching natural skin care product for many years. Visit her website for information on the best anti aging products she has researched and recommends. http://www.healthy-body-and-skin.com

Ways For Americans to Successfully Clear Up Their Acne and Have Smooth, Beautiful Skin

The treatment for acne in America is a billion dollar industry. Most Americans will have a breakout, blackhead, whitehead, zit or blemish sometime in their life. Every American who suffers from acne wants it to be successfully treated. Everybody wants clear, smooth skin. In the following paragraphs, ways to obtain clear, beautiful, acne-free skin will be discussed.

Before running to see a dermatologist, a person might want to consider a few changes in their diet. What a person eats can sometimes play a huge role in having healthy skin.

One thing to think about is the fact that the skin is the largest organ in the body and what is good for the rest of your body is also going to be good for your skin. Drinking lots of water can help lead to success in achieving clear skin. Foods containing Vitamin A, Vitamin B-2, Vitamin B-3 and Vitamin E can be helpful also. Those vitamins can be found in fish, sunflower seeds, lean meats, liver, milk and whole grains.

So you want to successfully kill the acne and possess beautiful skin? Well, sometimes it can be as simple as wearing sun screen when your exercising outside.

Exercise and sweat can be beneficial to your skin. However, the amount of success you get from it can be diminished by being in the sun without sun screen. The sun can give your unprotected skin cancer and it aggravate your acne.

So you want to successfully kill the acne and possess beautiful skin? Well, there are many over-the-counter medicines at the local pharmacy or grocery store that can be beneficial. Acne treatments containing the active ingredients of benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, alcohol or acetone can be successful in clearing up mild acne.

A person should be paying attention to the strength of the benzoyl peroxide because that could play a part in drying skin and scaling. Alcohol will sting but it will clean out dirt and oil in your skin. Popular acne products include: Neutrogena, Oxy Clean and Clearasil.

So you want to successfully kill the acne and possess beautiful skin? Well, the answer could lie in the way you are shaving. Razor bumps are very common and this form of acne can be easily avoided. Some good tips are applying warm or even hot water to the skin before shaving.

Using an electric razor is better than using a manual razor. The electric razor won't cut as close and will provide less chance for skin irritation.

One thing to know about acne treatment is that it does not give immediate results. Most health professionals will advise not to pop blemishes due to risk of infection and scarring. A person should seek out a dermatologist if acne hasn't cleared within two months while using over-the-counter treatments. Or if you have that special date coming up and you got the doe and some good health insurance you may want to visit a professional sooner.

In conclusion, a lot of Americans are concerned with acne. Success in treating acne can be obtained through many ways including: dermatologists, over-the-counter medicines, diet, sun screen and using an electric razor.

http://www.acne.com

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